Showing posts with label cognitive decline. Show all posts
Showing posts with label cognitive decline. Show all posts

Monday, May 11, 2026

Accountant accused of stealing $13,500 from elderly client with cognitive decline


Story by Jake Jordan

A Marion County accountant is charged with serious fraud after investigators claim she stole money from clients, including an elderly woman with cognitive decline.

Cara Lee Priess, age 55, was taken into custody on May 5, 2026, by the Ocala Police Department based on a warrant from the Marion County Sheriff’s Office. She faces charges of organized fraud, grand theft, and elderly exploitation.

Investigators say the case began in 2024, when the owner of GoldMark Farm reported suspicious payments to Priess, who had been hired to handle the farm’s bills and taxes.

According to deputies, the farm owner discovered large invoices for accounting “deep dives” that were never requested. The invoices claimed 688 hours of work and totaled nearly $190,000.

Detectives discovered payments made to Priess that were reportedly not correctly recorded in the farm’s accounting records.

Months later, investigators uncovered another case involving an 89-year-old woman who trusted Priess as her accountant.

Authorities state that Priess issued checks to herself from the victim’s account and forged her signature. Detectives reported that the elderly victim, who has cognitive impairments, told them she would pay whatever Priess requested.

Records showed about $13,500 in fraudulent checks were deposited into Priess’ account, investigators said.

During interviews, Priess claimed she possessed documents verifying the transactions’ legitimacy. However, investigators state she never handed over the records and ultimately ceased communication with law enforcement.

After reviewing financial records and subpoenas, detectives secured an arrest warrant in April 2026. 

Full Article & Source:  
Accountant accused of stealing $13,500 from elderly client with cognitive decline

Monday, March 10, 2025

Dementia’s Hidden Cost: How Cognitive Decline Compounds Banking Errors and Enables Fraud


A groundbreaking study reveals the devastating financial toll of undiagnosed dementia, showing household wealth can plummet by half in the eight years before official diagnosis. This critical window, marked by subtle cognitive decline and increased vulnerability to exploitation, often goes unnoticed by families until significant damage occurs.

By Garret Reich, Senior Project Manager at The Financial Brand

Source: MIT and AARP

Why we picked it: The World Health Organization in 2023 estimated there are some 55 million people globally that live with dementia, and that could nearly triple by 2050 — only a few decades later. This poses some massive strategic issues for financial institutions who want to build familial relationships with customers and members.

Executive Summary

Money begins vanishing from bank accounts years before a dementia diagnosis, according to groundbreaking new research from MIT and AARP. A 2023 study found that households see their wealth plummet by more than half in the eight years leading up to a dementia diagnosis — from $217,000 down to just $104,000 — highlighting a devastating but largely invisible financial toll.

As cognitive decline subtly begins, individuals start making poor financial decisions and become more vulnerable to exploitation, while family members remain unaware of the growing crisis. This pre-diagnosis phase represents a critical window where intervention could help protect life savings, but most families miss the warning signs until significant damage is done.

Key Takeaways:

  • Financial impacts can begin up to six to eight years before an official dementia diagnosis, with missed payments and declining credit scores serving as early red flags.
  • Adult children often face severe financial strain trying to help parents, with many taking out personal loans or reducing work hours to provide care.
  • Artificial intelligence is making scams increasingly sophisticated, with new technology allowing fraudsters to mimic family members’ voices in elaborate schemes.
  • Early diagnosis appears to help prevent major wealth losses, suggesting that proactive screening could provide vital protection for family finances.

What we liked about the report: The consumer perspectives went a long way to provide additional context into why this is such a poignant issue. Lots of quotes and personal stories throughout.

What we didn’t: The stories were very helpful, but were also sometimes too much. The narrative was clear from the onset, but it doesn’t have to be as heavily emphasized throughout the rest of the report.

The Scale of the Crisis

Nearly one in 10 adults over age 65 have diagnosable dementia, with more than twice that number showing early signs of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This creates a large vulnerable population at risk of financial exploitation and mismanagement.

Recent studies paint a stark picture of how cognitive decline erodes financial capability. A 2020 analysis found that individuals begin missing more payments and seeing credit scores drop up to six years before diagnosis. The financial impact appears unique to dementia — similar patterns don’t emerge with other health conditions like arthritis or heart disease.

"The financial services industry is very aware of this problem," says Lauren Hersch Nicholas, a health economist at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, noting that 84% of financial advisors report encountering cognitively impaired clients.

Just because they are aware of the issue, however, doesn’t mean that financial institutions are yet equipped with the processes and proactive measures needed to mitigate the problem before it becomes one.

The Impact on Families

For family members watching savings evaporate, the experience can be emotionally and financially devastating. Many adult children find themselves draining their own resources trying to help parents who don’t recognize they need assistance.

"I had to bail her out using my own finances," says Reagan, who took out $10,000-15,000 in personal loans to cover her mother’s expenses while also trying to put her own children through college. "My credit is really great, so I am able to take out some personal loans and help her."

The pre-diagnosis phase proves especially challenging because cognitive decline often coincides with individuals becoming more secretive about finances. Adult children describe frustrating battles trying to gain access to accounts or even basic information about their parents’ assets.

Visual chart with pipes illustrating the leaky financial pipeline of dementia's impact on family's lives.

"She was very secretive and kept her money separate," says Cathy about her mother. "She didn’t trust her children around her checking account." This isolation made it nearly impossible for family to intervene before significant losses occurred.

For some families, the financial strain extends beyond immediate household members. Londyn, caring for both her grandmother and infant daughter, had to postpone returning to work. "My plan was to go back to work, but my mother needed help," she explains. "I kind of took a hit in a sense… I have to budget a bit more. Entertainment money for my kids is a bit smaller."

New Threats in the Digital and Regulatory Ages

While traditional financial risks persist, emerging technologies create additional dangers. Artificial intelligence now allows scammers to create highly convincing fraud schemes, including the ability to clone voices of family members.

"Generative AI lets scammers be so good," warns Nicholas. "You can have voices of family members say ‘I’ve been kidnapped’ instead of some muffled voice in the background."

Jilenne Gunther, National Director of AARP’s BankSafe Initiative, notes that while their program has prevented over $300 million in elder fraud, this represents just "the tip of the iceberg" given annual losses of $28.3 billion to senior scams.

The legal system often struggles to balance protection with autonomy. Nina Kohn, Professor of Law at Syracuse University, explains that advance planning isn’t always effective: "Advance planning done when people are cognitively intact isn’t of much use when institutions are asking for new forms — new power of attorney — when dementia is now occurring."

Some states are experimenting with new approaches. Maine allows older adults to reverse financial transactions made with someone in a position of trust, while Illinois enables those over 60 to seek damages from people who use deception while acting in positions of confidence.

Mike Festa, State Director of AARP Massachusetts, emphasizes the delicate balance required: "If that person is competent, they have a right to make bad decisions." This creates challenges for protective services trying to prevent exploitation while respecting individual autonomy.

The Vicious Circle of Cognitive Decline and Financial Losses

Research suggests the relationship between cognitive decline and financial losses can be circular. While cognitive issues may trigger financial problems, severe financial setbacks — especially those involving loss of housing — can accelerate cognitive decline.

Lindsay Kobayashi, Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Michigan, describes this as a potential "vicious cycle" between financial and cognitive health losses. Her research indicates that major financial shocks can lead to cognitive impairment, particularly in countries with weaker social safety nets.

The research points to several promising avenues for protecting vulnerable seniors and their assets. Earlier screening and diagnosis appear to help prevent major wealth losses. Financial institutions are developing AI tools to flag suspicious patterns, while healthcare providers are working to improve early detection of cognitive decline.

Brain health maintenance through social engagement, cognitive stimulation, stress management, exercise and proper diet may help protect both cognitive and financial wellbeing. The financial services industry is also adapting, with initiatives to train advisors on recognizing signs of impairment and implementing protective measures.

Proactive Prescriptions

While the challenges are substantial, symposium participants emphasized reasons for hope. "I want to leave with a message of hope," says Brent Forester of Tufts University School of Medicine, urging a "focus on how there’s so much more that people with dementia can still do, that’s meaningful to them and their family members."

However, addressing these challenges requires coordinated effort across sectors. As MIT AgeLab founder Joseph Coughlin says, "this issue is too big and too important to say it’s a government issue or business issue alone. Before there is action, before you seek help, there needs to be awareness."

The study’s findings make clear that waiting until an official dementia diagnosis to take protective measures means missing a crucial intervention window. For families hoping to preserve hard-earned savings, understanding and acting on early warning signs could make all the difference.

Grace, an expert in public health policy who shared her family’s experience with exploitation, emphasizes the urgency: "We need to get to work now." With seventeen years typically required for research findings to become standard practice, there’s no time to waste in implementing protective measures for vulnerable seniors and their finances.

An Action Plan for Banks

Financial institutions stand at a critical intervention point in addressing dementia’s hidden financial toll. Banks witnessing these patterns firsthand can implement several protective measures:

  • Deploy AI-powered monitoring systems to detect unusual transaction patterns, missed payments, and potential exploitation
  • Train customer-facing staff to recognize subtle cognitive decline indicators and respond appropriately
  • Implement streamlined processes for trusted contact authorization that balance protection with privacy
  • Offer "view-only" account access options for family members concerned about declining financial management
  • Develop specialized financial advisory services addressing cognitive aging’s unique challenges
  • Create simplified account structures that minimize vulnerability while preserving customer autonomy
  • Establish clear intervention protocols when suspicious activity is detected
  • Partner with elder care and community organizations to build comprehensive support networks
  • Design educational programs for both customers and families about financial protection during cognitive aging

Editor’s note: This article was prepared with AI language software and edited for clarity and accuracy by The Financial Brand editorial team.

Full Article & Source:
Dementia’s Hidden Cost: How Cognitive Decline Compounds Banking Errors and Enables Fraud

Saturday, August 17, 2024

My Dad’s Last Day in Court

Watching a parent’s mind slip away from dementia is difficult in any circumstance. It’s even harder when your father is a lifelong lawyer who insists he has one final case to win.

By Andrew Bloomenthal 


The earliest signs
of my father’s cognitive slip dovetailed with his retirement. He’d somehow managed to keep it together for his clients until his very last day practicing personal injury law, and thankfully, none of them suffered because of his condition. When the day came for my mom and I to help Dad shutter his office on Congress Street in Boston, crating and cataloging his case files, we were both emotional. Not just because of the years of sweat equity that this mountain of paperwork represented, but also because of the faint unease we were feeling over Dad’s occasional loss of words.

We didn’t discuss this aloud that day, nor during the first year of his retirement. To do so would have made it seem real, and frankly, we weren’t ready for that. After all, while his mild tremors were expected in someone who had been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease some years before, his mental decline, the neurologist said, was statistically rare. What’s more, Dad functioned reasonably well that first year. He kept busy volunteering at the VA Medical Center in Jamaica Plain, where he doled out bottles of water and ambushed patients with dad jokes. His favorite: “A termite walks into a pub and asks, ‘Is the bar tender here?’” He invariably supplied his own “yuk-yuks” lest the punchline fail to land quick enough. Even when his delivery of these jokes started sounding rehearsed, as though he was clinging to a script, Mom and I told ourselves that maybe Dad’s behavioral shift was a temporary manifestation of stress triggered by his newfound retirement.

That hopeful theory was debunked after a brain specialist administered a series of tests that determined Dad’s cognitive deficit was indeed real. And while some medications could purportedly help improve acuity, there were no reliable methods of predicting his decline or halting its progression.

The full weight of this diagnosis didn’t hit me for a few days. I was in Manhattan, where I’d moved after college for a job as a financial journalist and later to pursue screenwriting. As I clacked away at my keyboard one morning, I was suddenly floored by the notion that every day would entail readjusting to Dad’s evolving new normal.

In the weeks that followed, even as my dad had many lucid days, I felt as though I was freefalling in preemptive grief and then felt guilty over my childish inability to stay strong for my dad. I started coming home to Boston a lot more often. Burned forever in my psyche are the blue abstract-patterned seat covers on the Fung Wah bus, which semi-reliably delivered me from Canal Street in Manhattan to South Station in Boston for $10 each way until the company shuttered. It was not a bad deal while it lasted.

On one of these visits, about a year after closing his office, I landed in Hull, where our family had summered for generations. Thanks to the punishing August heat wave that greeted my arrival, I slept in the cooler room with the cross-breeze. That’s where Mom shook me awake one morning. “Dad says he’s due in court today,” she said, sounding calmer than her hectic expression gave away. “He says he’s scheduled for trial, so I’m taking him into Boston. Coffee’s made.”

“Um…I’m sorry, you’re doing WHAT?” I responded. I was still groggy, but that wasn’t the only reason it took a moment to register.

“He mentioned something about this last night. I thought he was kidding. But now I’m not so sure.”

That’s the funny thing about the mercurial nature of his condition. Some days, he was credible. Other days, less so. Still, he’d been retired for more than a year—a fact I reminded Mom of as if she weren’t acutely aware.

“Well, yes, I know he’s retired, honey,” she said. “But he’s not taking ‘no’ for an answer. Look, if I don’t take him, he’ll drive himself, and I won’t let that happen, okay?”

Just then, Dad blustered in.

“Guys, let’s went!” he commanded, defaulting to one of his pet phrases.

I eyeballed the briefcase in his hand. I could tell by the way he swung it that it was empty. And in that moment, I went in for what I thought would be an easy remedial lay-up.

“Dad, I’m pretty sure you don’t have a trial today,” I asserted.

“And just how would you know that?” he challenged.

“I know because…because the courthouse called. They said your case was settled. Don’t you remember?”

I suddenly felt queasy. Did I really just try to gaslight the man who told me when I was young that all he ever expected from me was to earn good grades and tell the truth?

“Who’d you talk to? From the courthouse. I need a name!” he insisted.

“Um…Susan. Her name was Susan.”

Somehow, the specificity of that fictitious moniker tasted acrid as it rolled off my tongue. Whether or not he believed me hardly mattered.

“Oh yeah? What was her last name?” Dad asked.

I briefly considered doubling down with yet more invention. But I simply couldn’t.

“I forgot to ask,” was all I could muster.

“Let me tell you something,” he fumed. “If someone left a message for you, I’d have taken it correctly!”

And he would have, too. He was nothing if not responsible. And although he was in high dudgeon on that frantic morning, his baseline persona was that of lovable goofball. He once wore a dashiki to synagogue—just because. Mom was naturally horrified until the positive reviews came trickling in.

What else can I say about Dad? He jogged for exercise before that was even a thing. He was a virtuoso on the piano, with an uncanny ability to re-create any song after hearing it once. Festive dinner-party singalongs were a matter of course. He loved courtroom movies like My Cousin Vinny and The Verdict. But To Kill a Mockingbird was his hands-down favorite. He shared Atticus Finch’s progressive ideals but was too humble to ever compare himself to that lawyer.

Don’t get me wrong—life with Dad was not Leave It to Beaver. We bickered constantly, like it was our job. But that was mainly due to garden-variety friction between a son and his exasperatingly doting father—all the more reason I wish I exhibited more patience during the era of his decline. Then again, Mom held enough patience for us all.

“Okay,” she reassuringly said that fateful morning. “Let’s get you to court.”

Andrew, Sharon, and Leslie Bloomenthal on Newbury Street years ago. / Courtesy Andrew Bloomenthal

As the three of us barreled the minivan down Route 3A—Mom driving, Dad riding shotgun, me perched behind him—Mom and I traded uncertain glances in the rear-view mirror. Our thought bubbles screamed, Just what the holy fuck are we doing? but offered no answers. Other times, we actively stifled laughter over the sheer absurdity of the situation. I mean, it wasn’t exactly unfunny.

Somewhere in Quincy, Mom inventoried Dad’s T-shirt and denim shorts—hardly appropriate courtroom attire for the man who once donned three-piece suits and meticulously blew out his helmet of rusty red hair each morning. After veering off the road and pulling into the nearest Goodwill thrift store, it took Mom mere minutes to harvest a dress shirt, khaki pants, and a perfectly fitting size 38 Pierre Balmain blazer. At the very least, Dad looked the part as we pulled into Boston’s Moakley federal courthouse parking lot some 20 minutes later.

By then, the temperature had surged past 100 degrees outside—this during an era when such extreme weather was considered remarkable. But in that moment, our frustration was dominated by the complete lack of available parking spaces and Dad’s growing agitation with every fruitless pass around the property. Our only solution was to double park by the courthouse entrance, with one of us staying behind with the vehicle. Deciding which one of us would escort Dad inside was a no-brainer. After all, Mom had already done more than her share of heavy lifting.

Standing outside the car, I straightened Dad’s lapel. “Ready, old man?” I asked.

“Let’s do it.”

A gush of cold air welcomed us as we stepped inside the courthouse—two men without a plan. A guard instructed me to surrender my cell phone to a lady in a blue blazer behind the front desk. I opened my mouth to explain my unique need for keeping it handy before realizing how this security mandate offered me the perfect alibi to conduct some much-needed recon, away from Dad’s listening ears. After Blazer Lady deposited my phone into the beehive of cubbies behind her and handed me the corresponding chit, I asked her to check if my dad had a case that morning. Although I hadn’t any reason to expect another outcome, I was no less despondent to learn her search came up empty.

I didn’t have the heart to tell him he had no case on the docket. Not when my earlier attempt to quell his confusion went so poorly. Besides, his altered brain invented this return-to-work scenario for a reason. Leaning into his fantasy was the only humane path forward.

“So, Dad, it looks like we have some time to breathe before your trial begins,” I improvised. “Wanna peek in on another case while we wait?”

He endorsed this plan with a smile, oblivious that it was a mere stall tactic.

Our randomly chosen courtroom was packed, save for two serendipitously vacant seats, front-row center. As we slid into the pew, I immediately recognized the shackled defendant sitting just feet in front of us. This infamous murderer made national headlines a few years back and had re-entered the news cycle during his latest appeal. I had seen an item about him on TV the night before. There he was in the flesh—just one more unexpected wrinkle in an already surreal day.

Dad sat mesmerized as the killer’s attorney went to work, arguing how his client would have surely walked free had certain exculpatory evidence been allowed. I shifted my gaze to the judge. His stoic face gave away nothing, but somehow, I could tell he was cataloging every word. Watching him gave me an idea.

“Hey Dad, I gotta go take a leak,” I whispered.

“Do your thing,” he whispered back.

I found my way to an administrative office and approached the clerk behind the glass.

“Can I help you?” he said, smiling gently.

And that was it. Those four small words unleashed a deluge. Through halted breaths, I explained how my dad—a once prominent attorney—now suffers from Parkinson’s-related dementia. How the man who once frequented these halls is back on the scene for a phantom case. And how I couldn’t disabuse him of this notion—even if I tried.

The clerk nodded as I continued.

“…And so, I was wondering: Is there any way a judge can talk to him in chambers? You know—maybe give him an ‘attaboy’ for his contribution?”

After my pitch ended, the clerk sat silent for several moments—long enough for me to suddenly feel utterly humiliated. Did I really just ask this unsuspecting civil servant to broker a kumbaya moment between my dad and a federal judge—any judge’ll do?

“You know what? Scratch that,” I said before turning and walking away.

“Young man, come back here, please,” the clerk said before telling me his plan.

Back inside the courtroom, I sidled up to Dad and whispered into his ear: “Dad, come with me. Someone wants to talk to you.”

The author, holding a photo of his father. / Photo by Ethan Gulley

As I led my dad toward him, the clerk lit up, his eyes widening theatrically.

“Counsel! It’s great to see you again!” he gushed.

“And you as well!” Dad replied. Whether there was true recognition on either side of that counter was irrelevant.

“Counsel, I just wanted to tell you that today’s your lucky day.”

“Oh, really?”

“Very much. Because I just spoke to the judge. And he told me that your case has been resolved in your favor.”

“It…it has?” Dad said through a widening smile.

“Oh, yes. And His Honor also told me he’s never seen such airtight pretrial motions in his entire career on the bench!”

Dad beamed for several moments before his critical brain intervened—even then.

“Wait a minute. But what about…”

“An appeal? Can’t happen. You won. And if I may add, it’s been an honor sharing these halls with you over the years,” said the clerk without a hint of condescension. Although his patchwork legalese might not have held up to later scrutiny, at that moment, it was good enough for Dad, who extended his hand.

“The honor is mine.”

Leaning against the minivan—sweat dripping from her forehead—Mom did a bona fide double take when she saw us levitating toward her, twin smiles plastered across our faces.

“What the hell happened in there, you guys?” she asked as we got closer.

“Sharon, we won!” Dad gushed.

She looked at me, tacitly soliciting further explanation.

“Tell you later,” I volunteered. “There’s something I need to do first.”

Back inside the courthouse, I advanced to the clerk for the third time that day.

“Sir, I don’t know how I can possibly—”

“Say no more,” he interrupted. “You know, my father went through something similar. It won’t be easy, but you’ll get through it. He’s lucky to have you.”

The intervening years were indeed hard, filled with difficult decisions like seizing my dad’s car keys and his autonomy in one fell swoop. But there were also bright spots. Dad could still tickle the ivories, to name one. Even if his fingers were slightly hesitant on the piano keys, it didn’t hinder singalongs one bit. Dad also got to meet Luis, my far better half, and the two of them got on like gangbusters. Can’t put a price on that.

When Dad’s physical struggles eventually required intervention, we placed him in an assisted living facility located within walking distance from Mom’s Brookline apartment, giving her the well-earned opportunity to trade in her role as de facto caretaker for one she much preferred: loving wife. As such, she damn sure secured the coveted corner apartment at the far end of the dementia floor with a double exposure that let in more sunlight than all the other units. The revolving door of friends popping by lent even more warmth to the space. And high on the wall hung a charcoal sketch of our old house in Sudbury, positioned next to the aspirational words Mom stenciled beneath the molding. Live. Breathe. Dream. Still, the room’s focal point belonged to the engraved nameplate sitting on the coffee table—the same one that lived on Dad’s office desk for more than four decades: “Leslie Bloomenthal: Attorney at Law.

Before my dad’s passing, he regarded his nameplate often, especially when reminiscing about the magical day he kicked butt in court one last time.

On September 5, 2015, Dad died. He was 75. But in the years before his passing, he regarded his nameplate often, especially when reminiscing about the magical day he kicked butt in court one last time. Because in his mind, it really happened. And that’s as valid as anything.

Full Article & Source:
My Dad’s Last Day in Court

Tuesday, February 1, 2022

Cops: Neighbor scammed elderly sisters of $90k-plus

by Larry Hobbs

Jan. 29—Police say a Brunswick woman allegedly exploited the long-established trust of two elderly neighbors, stealing more than $90,000 from their bank accounts over a period of more than three months, according to city Police Capt. Angela Smith.

Brunswick police on Thursday arrested Diane Moran, 60, charging her with 12 counts of exploitation of elderly or disabled persons.

Moran remained Friday in the Glynn County Detention Center, where she was being held without bond, a jail spokeswoman said.

The arrest resulted from a six-month investigation by Brunswick police detectives, Smith said.

Smith said Moran was a long-time neighbor and "well-acquainted" with the two women, ages 73 and 81, who are sisters.

"Both women have experienced a cognitive decline, making them vulnerable to financial exploitation," Smith said.

Police began their investigation after family members of the sisters reported their suspicions.

The police department also received a notice from the Georgia Department of Aging about a suspected case of financial exploitation of an elderly person. That case involved a third party withdrawing more than $40,000 from the account of one of the sisters.

As a result of their investigation, police allege Moran stole more than $90,000 from the accounts of both sisters.

Smith urges residents who think an elderly or infirm loved one is being exploited to contact the Georgia Department of Human Services, Division of Aging Services, at 866-552-4464, or the Brunswick Police Department's non-emergency number at 912-554-3645.

Full Article & Source:

Sunday, January 9, 2022

Guardianship battles in the spotlight spark new calls for reform

Legally Bound 
 
By Jenny B. Davis

Michael Lincoln-McCreight remembers the day he was told to go to court. It was 2014, and Lincoln-McCreight, who had recently turned 18 and aged out of the foster care system, was living in a group home for people with intellectual disabilities in Port St. Lucie, Florida.

Lincoln-McCreight says the situation was fine at first, but then it got weird. “And when I say weird, I mean doctors started coming in and asking me lots of questions, and there was an attorney,” he explains.

Then came the trip to the courthouse.

“Why did I have to go to the courthouse?” he remembers wondering. “I have never been charged with anything, and I wasn’t arrested for anything.”

Lincoln-McCreight is unsure of the details, but a public guardian petitioned the court for plenary, or full, guardianship over his personal and financial affairs.

Guardianship, also called conservatorship, is a term used when state law grants an individual decision-making power over an adult deemed incompetent or a minor child. The court appoints a guardian—typically a family member, a friend or a professional—in conjunction with a finding that the person subject to the guardianship is incapable of acting independently because of age, injury, intellectual or developmental disability or mental health crisis.

A court-appointed guardian’s control is often limitless and can include power over their person and/or property. It includes major decisions such as medical treatments and investment strategies; fundamental freedoms such as the right to vote; and lifestyle choices such as taking a vacation, seeing friends or adopting a pet. Once a legal guardianship relationship has been established, only a judge can adjust or terminate the order.

Michael Lincoln-McCreight
Michael Lincoln-McCreight. (Photo by Tom Sayler/ABA Journal)

Lincoln-McCreight says the court hearing was swift, and he wasn’t given a chance to speak on his own behalf. The court approved the plenary guardianship, and he says the next two years of his life became a living nightmare.

“I couldn’t see my friends, I couldn’t see my family, I couldn’t go for walks, I couldn’t do anything,” he says. “I was basically being held hostage.”

Lincoln-McCreight says he knew what was happening to him was wrong, but he was told there was no way out.

Then a friend’s mother told Lincoln-McCreight about an organization called Disability Rights Florida that might be able to help. Because his phone calls were being monitored, he hatched a plan: He asked his caseworker for money to buy a book, and when he got it, he used it to buy a burner phone instead. Then he hid in a closet and placed the call. Through that call, he connected with Tampa lawyer Amanda Heystek, and together they successfully challenged the guardianship, winning the restoration of Lincoln-McCreight’s rights in 2016.

Today, Lincoln-McCreight lives independently, holds a security officer license and a CPR certification and works full time in access control at a local country club.

He also has become a passionate disability rights advocate, working with I Decide Florida for guardianship reform, and he co-authored an op-ed for the Tallahassee Democrat in July called “What happened to Britney Spears also happened to me—in Florida.”

He follows Spears’s case intently. “I look at her story, and it’s a spit-image of what I went through,” he says.

Celebrity spotlight

Spears’s case—and the corresponding #FreeBritney social media movement—brought national attention to a sometimes sinister system that has escaped scrutiny for decades, despite efforts by advocacy organizations and the bar to create more oversight.

For most of the past 13 years, every aspect of Spears’ life was controlled by her father, along with a team of doctors, lawyers, managers and minders. But for years, dedicated fans were suspicious about the conditions of Spears’ conservatorship, and their ongoing efforts to call attention to her case eventually paid off.

It all started in 2008 when a Los Angeles Superior Court commissioner granted her father, Jamie Spears, a temporary emergency conservatorship over her person and property after apparent mental health crises. Two months before the conservatorship was set to expire, the court cemented its terms, allowing it to last indefinitely.

But in 2020, Spears began a series of court actions challenging her conservatorship. During a June hearing, she described her life in harrowing detail.

She couldn’t freely access her passport, credit cards or cellphone, she alleged.

She couldn’t change her clothes without supervision at times, couldn’t leave her house without permission, and she couldn’t say no to work, medications, treatment or even to a dance move.

Britney Spears at a concert wearing a snake across her shoulders
The #FreeBritney movement, including protests and a social media campaign, helped catalyze guardianship reform efforts by advocacy groups and legislators. Photos by Valerie Macon/AFP via Getty Images; Shannon Finney/Getty Images; KMazur/WireImage

“I just want my life back. And it’s been 13 years. And it’s enough,” she told the court. “I deserve to have a life.”

(Jamie Spears’ role as conservator of his daughter’s estate was suspended in late September, and a judge was scheduled to consider whether to terminate Britney’s conservatorship in November.)

Spears isn’t the only celebrity whose controversial guardianship is making the news.

Trailblazing African American actress Nichelle Nichols, known to generations of TV viewers as Lt. Nyota Uhura from Star Trek, sits at the center of a three-way struggle between her former manager, a friend and her son. Nichols was diagnosed with dementia, and in 2019, her son, Kyle Johnson, was appointed conservator of her estate and person. Since then, he has moved the 88-year-old to New Mexico to live with him and sold her LA home.

Nichols’ former manager Gilbert Bell and a friend, Angelique Fawcette, have separately objected to Johnson’s control, and Fawcette has claimed she has been denied visitation. “She’s not getting the life that she wished for,” Fawcette told the Los Angeles Times in August. “She’s getting the life other people have chosen for her.”

Overprotective and abusive guardianships don’t affect just celebrities; these conditions are playing out across the country on a regular basis, ensnaring people regardless of their financial resources and name recognition.

People such as Jenny Hatch, a woman in Virginia with Down syndrome who lived independently, had a job and a supportive base of friends until her parents obtained guardianship over her in 2012 and sent her against her will to live in a group home, ostensibly for her own safety.

Or Coenia Schaefer, an 86-year-old woman in Oregon who lived alone in her own home and cared for herself and a menagerie of pets. A judge granted her son guardianship in 2001 based on a finding of dementia contained in a fill-in-the-blank report that had been completed by a worker with no formal medical training or college degree who interviewed Schaefer for just 90 minutes.

Both women challenged their guardianships in court and eventually won their freedom. But advocates for guardianship reform say such success stories are rare. Reforms must be made, they say, to ensure every state system successfully balances protection with self-determination.

Renewing the calls for reform

Reform efforts date back to the late 1980s, when a groundbreaking series of articles published by the Associated Press in 1987 exposed egregious abuses nationwide. Lawmakers, lawyers and advocates stepped up, addressing the issue with working groups, new and revised state laws and improved model acts and standards.

In 1988, the National Guardianship Association was formed. Also that year, the ABA convened a meeting of the nation’s most noted subject matter experts to create recommendations for change. The meeting became known as the first National Guardianship Conference, and its efforts have been ongoing.

In 1997, the Uniform Guardianship and Protective Proceedings Act was updated to strengthen due process protections for people subjected to guardianship proceedings, and the Uniform Probate Code’s Article 5 was revised the following years to parallel provisions of the UGPPA. By 2012, nearly half the states had enacted all or a portion of the revised provisions. In 2017, the protections were further strengthened in the renamed Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship and Other Protective Arrangements Act.

Between 2011 and 2020, “Many statutory changes have advanced guardianship reform: safeguarding rights, addressing abuse and promoting less restrictive options,” according to a December 2020 legislative summary from the ABA Commission on Law and Aging.

Progress is indeed happening, albeit slowly. “It’s like trying to push a cruise ship into a dock by nudging it in different directions,” says University of Missouri School of Law professor David English. He has been involved in reform efforts since 1987 and is the former chair of the ABA Commission on Law and Aging, the former drafting committee chair for the Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship and Other Protective Arrangements Act, and the co-author of several treatises on estate planning and elder law.

Advocates for reform point to significant hurdles that still stand in the way of change. Guardianship remains under the purview of state law, with no federal standard, oversight or funding. In fact, the federal government doesn’t even know the scope of the guardianships that exist across the nation because there are no reliable statistics counting the number of guardianships, the amount of assets under guardianship or the number of guardianship challenges taking place across the country.

Undue influence

Help, however, seems to be on the way. Prompted by the Spears case, powerful lawmakers such as Sens. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., and Bob Casey, D-Pa., recently called on the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Justice for information necessary to begin making changes, and there are bills currently before the House and Senate that call for both fixes and funding.

In addition to the high-profile Spears conservatorship battle, the movie I Care a Lot helped raise public awareness about flaws in the guardianship system, advocates say. The thriller follows a con woman who uses the guardianship system to institutionalize older adults while she steals their assets. After its February 2021 release on Netflix, it became one of the most-watched movies that month on the streaming service; by April, Netflix estimated it had been watched by 56 million households.

Scene from the film I Care a Lot.
Advocates say the film I Care a Lot raised awareness about guardianship fraud. (Pictoral Press)

The COVID-19 pandemic also served to spark discussion about vulnerable populations, says Judge Lauren S. Holland of the Lane County Circuit Court in Eugene, Oregon. Holland, who was first elected to the bench in 1992, has been handling probate cases since 2001. Active in the ABA’s Commission on Law and Aging, she was a delegate to the Fourth National Guardianship Summit.

“Although people may not have been discussing guardianship specifically, the pandemic allowed the conversation about our elders and how we as a society and community treat our elders,” she says.

More generally, however, public opinion about people with disabilities has changed over time, as has the cultural expectation that people with disabilities must be protected, says Jonathan G. Martinis, senior director for law and policy with the Burton Blatt Institute at Syracuse University. He heads the BBI’s efforts to ensure the receipt of appropriate supports and services for the older adults and people with disabilities. He also helped represent Hatch in her guardianship battle with her parents.

“It wasn’t until the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, passed 214 years after the Declaration of Independence, that we say that people with disabilities have the same rights as other people,” Martinis says.

The need for numbers

One of the most significant reforms topping almost every guardianship reform wish list involves numbers—as in current, meaningful and comprehensive statistics involving all aspects of guardianship at the national level.

There were 1.3 million adults and $50 billion in assets under the care of guardians in the United States, according to a National State Courts estimate in 2016, but those figures were based on informed speculation.

This issue is now before Congress and government agencies in a number of ways, including a bipartisan bill called the Guardianship Accountability Act of 2021, in committee at press time, which calls for the creation of a National Online Resource Center on Guardianship and the development of state guardianship databases. The call from Sens. Warren and Casey seeks stepped-up data collection efforts, as does legislation introduced in July by Reps. Charlie Crist, D-Fla., and Nancy Mace, R-S.C., called the Freedom and Right to Emancipate from Exploitation Act, known as the FREE Act.

"If you want to understand a system, you have to be able to collect data." —Anthony Palmieri

Why is this data so important? Because it goes to the integrity of the entire system, says Anthony Palmieri, president-elect of the National Guardianship Association and a nationally recognized expert on guardianship fraud. Palmieri is the deputy inspector general and chief guardianship investigator for the clerk of the circuit court and comptroller of Palm Beach County, Florida.

“Any time you have a system without sufficient checks and balances and where one person doesn’t have all of their rights—they don’t have a voice and can’t defend themselves—it’s ripe for fraud,” Palmieri says.

“If you want to understand a system, you have to be able to collect data—data about the guardians, the attorneys, the petitioners—and give that data to the decision-makers so that they can make data-driven decisions, not knee-jerk decisions based on anecdotes,” he says. “The state needs to know this, or else how can we educate about guardianships and protect people under guardianships if there’s no empirical data to tell us what the problems are—and also to tell the story of those guardians who are doing honorable, ethical work?”

Data also affects resource allocation and the government’s ability to make policy decisions in response to outcomes and trends.

“When we go to the legislature to request resources to provide for necessary safeguards like audits, payment of court-appointed lawyers to represent protected persons, monitors for investigations and court oversight, the collection of data impacts that,” Holland says. “The legislators are certainly entitled to ask, ‘Well, how many cases are we talking about?’ And we are always in a better position to answer when we have more information.”

When less is more

Guardianships have been described as both a gulag and a godsend, but practitioners say the most effective protections exist in the space between those extremes.

“Guardianship is not one-size-fits-all,” Palmieri says. “It can make sense in some cases—like when a person has Alzheimer’s and there’s family conflict around the decision-making—but it doesn’t make sense for younger people with intellectual disabilities, developmental disabilities or addiction.”

Karen Campbell agrees. As the executive director of the North Florida Office of Public Guardians in Tallahassee, she supervises the guardianships of more than 200 people living in 22 counties across North Florida. “I believe that on the spectrum of decision-making, guardianships are sometimes necessary,” she says. “We serve some people who are completely unaware of their surroundings and even need assistance turning over in bed. Our job in every guardianship is to help communicate the person’s preferences and actualize their life choices.”

Advocates say courts must explore less restrictive alternatives to full guardianship, and the ABA adopted resolutions in 2017 and 2020 urging this approach. The National Center for State Courts’ Center for Elders and the Courts has defined guardianship as a legal tool of “last resort,” and the Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship and Other Protective Arrangements Act calls for an appointment of a guardian only if the needs of the person subjected to the guardianships “cannot be met by a protective arrangement or other less restrictive alternative.”

Despite these acknowledged best practices, 11 states and the District of Columbia still lack any reference to least restrictive alternatives in their guardianship statutes, according to 2018 statistics from the ABA Commission on Law and Aging. While the flip side of this statistic is encouraging—suggesting that the majority of state laws do recognize alternatives in some way—advocates say judges aren’t necessarily following the letter of the law. “Frequently, the law on the books is pretty protective of people’s rights, but in practice, we find that doesn’t really play out,” says Morgan K. Whitlatch, legal director of Quality Trust for Individuals with Disabilities in Washington, D.C. Quality Trust provides legal services to D.C. residents with disabilities and their families to promote alternatives to guardianship and the right to self-determination. Whitlatch also co-represented Hatch.

“There’s always been a gap between what the statute requires and how guardianship law is actually practiced,” English says, noting that even if a judge determines that a full guardianship is deemed necessary, limitations could be added such as a sunset clause or a mandate that a hearing be held after a later, specific date whereby the guardianship would have to be proved up again.

Alternatives to guardianship, such as powers of attorney and medical proxies, have long existed and continue to successfully help people requiring assistance (while simultaneously keeping them out of the legal system). But one of the most innovative new formats gaining traction in both advocacy communities and the legal system is called supported decision-making.

SDM mirrors the process by which most people make decisions: They consult friends and family, social services or other sources of support, then use that information to weigh the pros and cons of a particular decision to arrive at a choice. In the context of guardianship alternatives, SDM can range from a loose network of go-to advisers to a formal written agreement setting forth specific terms including revocation and termination. This extrajudicial solution means no laws or regulations are needed to set up a plan, and no lawyers are needed to craft an agreement. But Whitlatch says legal recognition would be helpful to demystify and legitimize the concept.

“What SDM looks like can change depending on the circumstances,” Whitlatch explains. “One can imagine a situation where someone requires greater support at one time, like in a mental health crisis, but not others. SDM can be adapted to the decisions you need to make in the short term and long term, across disabilities and even in cognitive decline.”

Michael Lincoln-McCreight
Michael Lincoln-McCreight became the first person in Florida to terminate his guardianship in favor of an SDM. (Photo by Tom Sayler/ABA Journal)

When Lincoln-McCreight successfully challenged his guardianship in 2016, he became the first person in Florida to terminate his guardianship in favor of an SDM. He says the arrangement was formalized via a written contract for the court; however, in practice, he says it’s more akin to “friends and family helping me out.”

Lincoln-McCreight’s lawyer says the arrangement is working. “He now makes his own decisions—some good, some not so good—but they are his, and he is happy,” says Heystek, a lawyer with Wenzel Fenton Cabassa in Tampa. When issues arise, she says, “he works through problems the way he should, by calling on his supports.”

Escaping the trap

Another critical component of guardianship reform involves making it easier—or at least possible—to challenge a guardianship and achieve a restoration of rights.

Laws that speak to these actions vary from state to state. For example, according to a 2019 report by the ABA Commission on Law and Aging, the guardianship laws in 13 states contain no mention of a right of appeal, either because the right doesn’t exist or because it’s assumed to be inherent as part of the Rules of Civil Procedure. Only eight states have statutes with specific procedures to appeal.

It’s also a mixed bag when it comes to the burden of proof. Some states put the burden of proof on the person seeking the guardianship, others on the person seeking relief, and the extent to which either must prove their case also varies.

But even meeting the lowest standard of proof can be problematic, lawyers say. For example, if a person under guardianship doesn’t have access to a phone or a computer, how can that individual contact a lawyer? If guardians control access to medical records, how can people under guardianship prove their medical or mental capacity? And if they’ve never been allowed to make decisions for themselves before, how can they show a court that they are capable?

“All in all, it’s like a spiral,” says Prianka Nair, assistant professor of clinical law and co-director of the Disability and Civil Rights Clinic at Brooklyn Law School. “Even with the best-meaning guardian, the system is coercive—it puts the person in the guardianship in a position where they may have to challenge family relationships, to challenge their own support.”

Mirroring the nightmare scenarios in Netflix’s I Care a Lot, Heystek says she once represented an older woman who didn’t even know she was subject to a guardianship “until the guardian showed up on her doorstep to come inventory her home and take her to an assisted living facility.”

Then there’s the problem of money. Statistically, people with disabilities are more likely to live in poverty and face barriers to finding and retaining employment, Nair says, making it difficult for them to hire a lawyer. And having money can be very necessary because some states require the person subject to the guardianship to pay the bills and fees—even if that person has received no notice of the proceeding or doesn’t hire a lawyer for themselves. “You can be forced to pay for the privilege of losing your rights,” Martinis explains.

One of the key barriers to challenging guardianship is knowing that it’s possible. That’s according to a study on the restoration of rights conducted by the ABA Commission on Law and Aging in 2013-2014. This happens because there’s no universal requirement for courts or guardians to regularly inform the people subject to their control that they have the right to seek restoration.

Ultimately, the hope is that everyone living under an unnecessary or repressive guardianship will have the opportunity to reclaim the right to live a fully actualized life to the fullest extent possible, and those who require support will receive it in a way that works best for them.

Thanks to a movie, a pop star, a pandemic and the passage of time, that hope—advanced by tireless efforts of visionary lawyers, lawmakers and advocates—may actually happen.

Jenny B. Davis, a former practicing lawyer, is a professor of practice at Southern Methodist University.

This article was originally published in the December 2021-January 2022 issue under the headline, “Legally Bound: Guardianship battles in the spotlight spark new calls for reform.”

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Sunday, December 4, 2016

10 Simple Ways to Make Your Brain 10 Years Younger

Regular Natural Health Insiders readers know that exercise isn’t just key to a trim, healthy body, but to a healthy brain as well. Now, new studies show exercise may be dramatically more important than previously thought

According to a 2016 study published in Neurology, older folks who didn’t exercise or only lightly exercised experienced cognitive decline at a much faster rate. Their cognitive abilities were effectively ten years older than those who exercised moderately or intensively.1

Does this mean you need to start doing one of those insane workouts we see on TV to protect your brain? Not at all.

I’ve pulled together ten of the highest leverage exercises, lifestyle changes and activities that can turn your cognitive clock back ten years or – to try on another metaphor – subtract a hundred thousand miles off your brain’s “odometer” — no matter what your previous exercise habits have been.

When I say “highest leverage” I mean they give you highest return for the effort you put in.

And by the way, only the first four are exercise-related.

Start with a couple that look approachable, and gradually add more to your routine as you feel comfortable. Taking just one of these steps can change your life.

Exercising for Ultimate Brain Health


1. Do a 5-minute warm-up first.
Here’s a “triple threat” warm-up: I recommend doing a few basic yoga flows before you exercise to get your whole body warm.

A flow is something you can do “cold,” without pulling muscles or causing injury—and you can adapt it to your level of fitness.

Plus, you get the mind and hormonal benefits of doing five minutes of meditation, too. One study showed that 50-year-old meditators had the gray matter of a 25-year-old.2

If you don’t know a thing about yoga, classes are just about ubiquitous these days. All you’re trying to do is learn four or five simple, basic yoga postures. A couple of hours of instruction should be enough to get you going, then you can do them at home.

Or maybe you’ll have so much fun, you’ll want to continue with the class!

As with almost everything, you can run into an instructor who wants to push you too hard or classmates who want to turn it into a competition. Don’t let yourself get rolled. Get what you need from the instructor, or bail out and find someone more congenial.

2. Bodyweight squats and lunges.
Interestingly enough, leg strength is one of the most telling factors in cognitive health, especially in women. Twin studies have demonstrated that leg strength is significantly related to gray matter volume and future cognitive change.3

And you don’t need fancy gym equipment to do it — sets of “air” squats and bodyweight lunges can kick your quad and hamstring strength up a notch; besides that, this step and step 3 are great for cardio health.

See instructional videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3g4wAsu0R4
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=lunges&qpvt=lunges&view=detail&mid
=8ACBD42F7B289666C4BA8ACBD42F7B289666C4BA&FORM=VRDGAR


3. Walking, bike-riding, jogging.
A brisk walk, jog, or bike ride is one of the best things you can do. Also consider taking a dance class – square dance, ballroom, whatever strikes your fancy. One 65-year-old friend of mine took hip-hop classes.

Not only will this help develop leg strength, but animal studies showed that the longer a rat ran at a moderate pace, the more neurogenesis (generation of new brain cells) it experienced, compared to high intensity intervals and weight lifting.4

4. Weight training.
Not just for bodybuilders anymore, weight training — especially in the legs — is a great way to build muscle, stability, and endurance.

Hamstring curls, extensions, and leg press are great for beginners — and these exercises can make an immediate difference in your brain activity. This will probably involve joining a health club, and the social aspect of that is also good for brain health.

A study published in Acta Psychologica showed those who performed leg extensions at their maximum effort increased their levels of norepinephrine (an important neurotransmitter) and had ten percent better short-term memory recall than did passive participants.5

Plus, another study published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society showed that women who weight-trained just twice per week for a year showed significantly less brain shrinkage and slower growth of age-related white matter brain lesions than did women who lifted once per week or who only focused on balance and stability exercises.6

And ladies, don’t be afraid of increasing your weights as you get stronger — you won’t turn into Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Eat Healthy for a Sharp Mind


5. Healthy eating patterns.
Let’s avoid the word “diet” here and talk about what you should aim for – healthy habits you can do every day for the rest of your life, NOT temporary fixes that you practice for a while before returning to your old, bad habits.

A healthy eating pattern avoids inflammatory foods — especially processed and high-glycemic foods. The latter include not only sugar but also rice, potatoes and all wheat products. In general, you can eat just about as much protein and fat as you want, and you should eat as few carbs as you can. That’s oversimplying, but that’s the basic principle.

Make sure you’re getting plenty of lean protein and healthy fats (nuts, coconut oil, avocado) and organic produce. Take antioxidant supplements.

Three supplements I consider essential are krill oil (omega 3s), turmeric, and a multivitamin / mineral.

6. Challenge your mind often.
Crossword puzzles and word games are great, but try more complex challenges as well. Change your routine. Take a different path on your walk. Do something backwards, like repeating the alphabet or counting backwards from 100 by 7s. It’s tricky, but a low effort way to put your brain to work.

Use your left hand to do things you’d normally do with your right (or vice versa, if you’re naturally left-handed). It makes you think and gets a conversation going between your brain, your body, and the rest of the world.

7. Learn a new hobby, craft or skill.
Pick something you’ve always wanted to learn and stick with it. Playing a musical instrument, speaking a foreign language or cooking a new recipe creates new pathways and connections in the brain.7

Consider a hobby like quilting, painting, drawing, even playing bridge or poker. You don’t have to be good at it. Do it for fun.

Turn off the TV and read a book.

8. Watch your alcohol intake.
If you drink, make sure you’re not overindulging on a regular basis. Studies show 1.3 ounces of alcohol is the line between healthy and overindulging. That refers to the alcohol content of your drink, not to the total volume of the drink.8

9. Sleep.
If you don’t get enough sleep, your hippocampus begins to work overtime… making mistakes, encoding new information improperly, and causing your emotions to go out of whack.

Consistent poor quality sleep – often caused by sleep apnea – is now known to be one of the main causes of dementia. If you don’t sleep well, find out if there’s a medical problem and if there is, get it fixed.

For garden variety sleep problems, exercise can help you sleep better, along with avoiding caffeine in the afternoon and alcohol before bed.9

Make sure you sleep in a totally darkened room – no glowing red or green lights from electronic devices. If you have to wear an eye mask to get rid of the light, do it.

10. Stay social.
Make new friends, go new places and try new things. There’s no reason that getting older should keep you from the many pleasures this world has to offer.10

The number of social contacts a person has is one of the most powerful predictors of whether he or she will get dementia. If you don’t currently have a lot of friends or nearby family, then join clubs, become active in a church, volunteer for a charity, take a class.

You’ll meet lots of wonderful new friends and the mental stimulation is worth more than all the “memory drugs” in the world. (Admittedly, that’s not setting the bar very high since the pharmaceutical memory drugs like Namenda and Aricept are nearly useless.)

Now more than ever, you have the power to take control of your brain health.

Whether it’s simply getting up and moving, learning to weight-train, or taking an afternoon nap, these high-leverage activities can make a huge difference on the “age” of your brain.


  1. Exercise may slow brain aging by 10 years for older people
  2. Harvard neuroscientist: Meditation not only reduces stress, here’s how it changes your brain
  3. Kicking back cognitive ageing: leg power predicts cognitive ageing after 10 years in older female twins
  4. Which type of exercise is best for the brain?
  5. What kinds of exercise can boost long-term memory?
  6. Resistance Training and White Matter Lesion Progression in Older Women: Exploratory Analysis of a 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial.
  7. 10 brain exercises that boost memory
  8. The truth about alcohol and brain health
  9. Aging and Sleep—Coping
  10. Engage Your Brain
Full Article & Source:
10 Simple Ways to Make Your Brain 10 Years Younger